Uptown Top Ranking

Dobson was invited uptown, to the very top of uptown, in Pointy Town, to help adjudge a ranking event. The items to be ranked were rank: bags of filthy laundry, bowls of curdled milk slops, slices of rotting and contaminated offal, and the like. Quite why Dobson was thought to be an adequate judge of such things is a mystery. It is likely that he engineered his invitation as the one chance he had to go to the top of uptown Pointy Town, an exclusive resort peopled by fashionable chancers and a certain sort of plutocrat. It was the kind of place where cummerbunds were worn, and wristwatches glittered.

Dobson is unlikely to have worn either a cummerbund or a wristwatch, but, armed with his invitation, he boarded the “Bucephalus”, an engine on the funicular railway connecting the less pointy bits of Pointy Town to the magnificently pointier top of uptown. Gulls greeted him at the station, swooping and shrieking, as gulls do. Oh, those Pointy Town gulls! How one misses their clamour! They still prevailed in Dobson’s day, and he was mindful enough to execute a quick sketch of them in his notebook, since lost, alas.

Puffing up the vertical, the funicular railway was scented, in those days, with lavender and hibiscus, and we can imagine Dobson breathing in those fumes, artificial though they were, as he prepared himself for the unaccustomed role of ranking judge. These contests took place every five years, and those who entered their rank engrubbiments, be they laundry bags or bowls or slices, were a rivalsome crew. There was Taplow, of course, and Scruton and Cribcage and Hooter. Venables and Ricketts, too, and old crumpled Stainforth in his breeches. Not one of them was allowed anywhere near uptown save for when the ranking contest took place. The rest of the time they kept to their middens in some dank, though reasonably pointy, corner of Pointy Town. That was a part of town Dobson knew well, for he often strolled there, of a morning, on his way to see pigs.

But now both Dobson and the rank competitors with their rank bags and bowls and slices and whatnot were gathered in smart and flashy uptown, the very top of it, so pointy that in truth nowhere was pointier. Dobson looked at the scorecard he had been given by the referee, and chewed the end of his pencil. Then he walked slowly among the trestle tables on to which the items to be ranked had been chucked. He hoped he was carrying himself in a suitably authoritative manner, akin to a top judge at, say, a dog show. Dobson had never actually attended a dog show, but he had read a vivid eye-witness account of one in Vivid Eye-Witness Accounts magazine, to which he subscribed and, very occasionally, contributed. So his gait was firm as he toured the tables, and he did much frowning. Slumped and bedraggled on their uptown sofabeds, Taplow and Scruton and Cribcage and Hooter and Venables and Ricketts and old crumpled Stainforth watched and waited. They had no idea that the out of print pamphleteer ranking their rank items was completely baffled and did not have a clue what he was doing. Nevertheless, he began scribbling on his scorecard, boldly and decisively, and then he handed the card to the referee and went to lean against a big pointy plaster of Paris pointy thing, the kind you will only find at the top of uptown.

As was usual at these events, there was a lengthy delay before the referee announced the result. In the sweltering heat, the rank bags and bowls and slices grew ranker still. Netting was deployed to protect them from those fantastic uptown gulls. Dobson had been hoping to use this time for some sight-seeing, but was disappointed to learn from the referee that his duties included leaning against the plaster of Paris pointy thing, completely immobile, until the result was announced. One of Dobson’s most tiresome pamphlets is the one in which he moans on and on about the regular thwarting of his touristy inclinations. If he is to be believed, every time he had his heart set on sight-seeing, someone or something dashed his hopes, be they thunderstorms, defective bus timetables, enormous puddles, recalcitrant flocks of sheep, poleaxed cutty shredders, or, in this case, a jobsworth ranking referee. But Dobson was on unfamiliar ground, in the middle of an arena filled with fancypants Pointy Town uptowners with their cummerbunds and glittering wristwatches. It was a bit like a Spandau Ballet stadium gig, and if you have ever been to one of those you will understand why the pamphleteer was distressed.

And then, at long last, at twilight, the referee clacked his counters and announced the result. There was uproar, from both the crowd and, more violently, from the competitors. It was obvious to all that Dobson had absolutely no idea about the appropriate ranking of bags full of filthy laundry and bowls of curdled milk slops and slices of rotting and contaminated offal. He had, it appeared, simply filled out the scorecard at random, for all his judge-at-a-dog-show posturing.

He wrote a melodramatic piece about the subsequent kerfuffle for Vivid Eye-Witness Accounts magazine, but it was rejected by the editor and the manuscript is lost. All we know is that Dobson was chased out of uptown by Pointy Towners armed with pitchforks and bludgeons, and was never, ever invited back. He was a gloomy pamphleteer indeed for about a week after this sorry episode, but thereafter he perked up by devising a board game called Picnic For Detectives.

His ranking of the rank items was blotted from the record, and it took place again the following day, Blodgett having been jetted in specially to do a proper job of it. In first place, quite properly, was Taplow, who for the next five years wore his prizewinner’s goat-hair trousers with due pride.

About Those Pudding Fenders

Mick Wiggins has sent in a splendidly informative report about those pudding fenders. Many thanks to him for this:

I will relate what little I know about these bulbous knotted affairs that deck hands would hang from the deck and bow in order to prevent damage to the hull from knocking about while the ship is at berth. While commonly used up until the early 20th century, the hand-made rope bumpers were eventually replaced with used auto tires and synthetic rubbers. 

Visually, they’re masterpieces of knot-craft, heavy and beautifully patterned. Lord knows how long it took to knit these things, but I hear sailors can have a lot of free time on their hands while at sea. I did come across a site that sells modern versions of Pudding Fenders, but I can’t really think why one would buy one except for the reason of being able to shout “Throw down the Pudding Fenders” to the first mate every so often.

Also known as Bow Pudding, they came in all kinds of different shapes, sausage-like mostly, and even one style that looks like a steroidal string mop hung from the bow like a great messy beard.  .  

Here’s a nice example, just like one of the fenders I saw on display – large and huggable even, it measured a meter+ in diameter.

 

 

 

 

On a side note, I was a little, well, a lot confused about the Pudding aspect, until tonight I remembered something about the English and their puddings.

 

 

 

 

Mystery solved! I think this Hack Pudding would serve very nicely as a fender.

As for Dismal Nitch, I did not make it down there, as it was raining and dismal out. I learned though, it was during a particularly fierce winter storm in the early 1800’s that had the famous explorers Lewis and Clark pinned down for days, that this spit of land near the mouth of the Columbia River earned its name, which is still in use by locals.

Paint Samples

OutaSpaceman sends news of some exciting paint samples. A company called Green-Scene offers tins of General Muck, Corporal Crap, Devon Soil, and – my favourite for obvious reasons – Yard Filth. There is something endearing about a website advertising paint samples on which most of the pictures are missing, promising “Image Coming Soon”, dated 2005.

Brand New Slops

Regular readers will know that here at Hooting Yard we do our utmost to keep up with innovations in the world o’ gruel, pap and slops. Someone has to, and who better for the task than our team of tireless Gruel And Pap And Slops Monitors hunched over their consoles from dawn to dusk and then again from dusk to dawn? Anyway, one such Monitor has just alerted me to a newly-sighted slop, spotted on the BBC, where Liberal Democrat Treasury Spokesman Vince Cable spoke of “credit default slops”. The term will be added to our database after a due period of slobbering.

Pitfalls On The Path To Sainthood

Which of us does not wish to become a saint? Ask most people, and they will readily admit that the idea of being venerated after death is a very appealing prospect. The paraphernalia of shrines and icons and relics are attractive in themselves, the more so when compared to the utter oblivion into which almost all of us will fall after Death taps us on the shoulder and beckons us away.

And there’s the rub, of course. You have to be dead to be a proper saint, so it is not a standard career option to discuss with your lifestyle coach or your community hub outreach adviser. I am assuming here that you have such a coach or adviser, for who can be expected to make their wary way through the complexities of our contemporary paradise o’ pap without one? If your coach or adviser does recommend sainthood as a viable life-skill to be added to your CV, they are delusional, and you must cut your ties with them at once. Obviously this will lead to a few days of chaotic rudderless miasmic turmoil until you get a new coach or adviser, but better that than a fruitless attempt to achieve living sanctity.

That said, there are certain things you can do, while still alive, to prepare for your canonisation. Depending in large part upon your general health and vigour, and taking into account any dangerous medical conditions, the path to sainthood can be a long one, and there are many pitfalls along the way. When the time comes for your suitability to join the pantheon of enshrined ones is to be assessed, great store will be held by how you conducted yourself in various situations. It is well to be mindful of this, even when no witnesses are present to watch you comport yourself, for someone somewhere will act the tattle-tale, you can be sure of that.

Some activities are altogether safe, in that you need not worry overmuch about besmirching the purity of your soul while engaged in them. Hiking to a picnic spot in an area of outstanding natural beauty, and picnicking thereupon, while watched by sullen cows, is unlikely to threaten your future sainthood. But such opportunities are surprisingly rare, and you cannot spend your entire life on hikes and picnics, much as you might want to. So it is important that you beware of those occasions when it is oh so easy to tarnish your record.

Consider, for example, that you are out a-strolling by the railway sidings, sidings where it is known from time to time for enormous out-of-control locomotives to come thundering along the track, their drivers rendered incapable a couple of miles back by the sudden incursion into the engine cab of a darting hawk or crow. Your path crosses that of a baffled and woebegone orphan, come to pick primroses and peonies to brighten its dank hovel in the slums. What you must do is to resist the temptation to shove the orphan into the path of the oncoming train, cackling evilly as you do so, and thereafter twirling your mustachios like the most hackneyed of stage villains. If you follow your natural impulses, and enact this terrible deed, you are doing a grave disservice to your chances of nabbing that posthumous shrine where thousands will come to worship one of your bones. Instead, reach into your pocket and take out tuppence and give it to the orphan with the instruction to buy itself a choc ice or a toffee apple. No longer woebegone, the orphan will scamper away towards a tuck shop, well away from the path of the screeching train. Be careful, however, that the tuck shop is not on the other side of the railway sidings, for then the orphan will have to cross them to purchase its treat, and it may mistime its steps and end under the wheels of the giant locomotive after all. Though you would not be as culpable as if you had pushed the orphan deliberately, a forensically-minded devil’s advocate at a later date may twist the facts sufficiently to have your motives questioned, with fateful results.

What we can learn from this example is the necessity of being aware at all times of the potential for mishap. Let us say you have an appointment to see your lifestyle coach – the new one, that is, not the delusional one you have dismissed. You arrive at the skyscraper and have, in your pippy bag, along with your usual jumble of tat, a copy of the latest issue of Vacuus Purgamentum magazine, in which you have highlighted an article recommending “best buys” in pointless gossamer fripperies. The purpose of the visit to your lifestyle coach is to seek their counsel regarding the frippery that is just right for you. But also tucked into your pippy bag is a small canister of poison gas spray. You must be very careful, when reaching into your pippy bag at the beginning of the interview, to take from it the magazine and not the canister, for if you have the latter in your hand you are likely to aim it at your lifestyle coach and depress the knob atop the canister. Remember that poison gas is usually lethal, and you may end up having to explain your slip to both an ambulance crew and officers of the law. If an incident like this comes to light when you are being appraised for sanctity, those supporting you will have their work cut out.

Most people are aware that a condition of sainthood is the performance of miracles. Pretty much every saint has at least one attested miracle to their name, so it is understandably tempting to devote some of your time on earth to learning conjuring tricks. The reasoning is that if you can, say, produce a rabbit from a previously empty cardboard box, or saw a goat in half and then make it reappear whole, to resounding applause from an audience of credulous ninnies, or pre-school infants, then such an act can count as your miracle. I am afraid to say that this is drivel. The only miracles worth their salt are ones performed when you are already dead, and there is not much you can do to ensure that a crippled mendicant sprawled in front of your shrine beseeching you to restore their withered limbs gets up and walks away with limbs duly unwithered. A few stop-at-nothing wannabe saints have tried to arrange for such exciting scenes to take place after their demise by bribing down-at-heel actors from their deathbeds, but it is a ploy not without its risks, and rarely succeeds. The average down-at-heel actor will simply flit from your side as you groan your last and spend all the coinage on strong drink, waking up some days later in a ditch with no memory of the bargain they struck.

A further pitfall for the over-ambitious saint-to-be is to be in too much of a hurry to identify the trade or beast or sickness etcetera of which you would like to be patron. Most such patronages have already been allocated, and although there are some duplications, you should not rest your hopes on any particular role. You may have your heart set on becoming the patron saint of hedgehogs, and spend much of your time doing good works among the hedgehog population, setting up sanctuaries and so forth, but this is no guarantee that you will ever be granted your desire. Those who decide on these matters are notoriously fickle, and you may find that all those hours and days and years spent feeding milk through a funnel to injured baby hedgehogs rescued from entanglement in bramble patches would have been better spent in the company of, say, seabirds or television chat show hosts.

As a general rule, lead a blameless life and avoid poison gas canisters and the temptations of railway sidings.

O Mighty Orb!

Pansy Cradledew tells me that she has recently devised a new method of empowering her pod-on-a-lanyard. Rather than plugging it into a socket in the wall, via a recharger, she has obtained a piece of gubbins which is attached to her window with a sucker. Wings on the gubbins are exposed to the glare of that blazing mighty orb in the sky, the one John Donne rightly called a “busie old fool”, and the pod thereafter is fed from the power stored in the gubbins.

This is all very well, but it occurs to me that it could be the beginning of a slippery slope which might see Pansy becoming an Aztec fundamentalist. Now that she relies, with obvious enthusiasm, upon that burning golden disc for the empowering of her pod, can it be long before she is tearing out the still-beating hearts from the breasts of sacrificial victims upon a stone altar to assuage the angry Sun?

Before you accuse me of overreacting, bear in mind that this is the woman who gleefully announced only the other day that she had bought a DVD of The Royal Hunt Of The Sun for £3. This is the film, you will recall, in which Christopher Plummer gives a truly unforgettable performance as Captain Von Trapp Atahualpa. I rest my case.

Dax

Yesterday, as I was bumbling about town, I was waylaid by a wild-eyed chap who dragged me down an alleyway, trapped me between some bins and a wall, and demanded of me that I answer his question.

“And what might your question be?” I asked.

“Well,” he replied, in a shaky and somewhat unhinged voice, “In the midst of the crunch de la credit and the Armageddon brought on by the collapse of the global banking system, is there anything – anything at all – we can grasp at, as at a straw, from the out of print outpourings of the pamphleteer Dobson?”

Now this was not an unreasonable question, and it is one I had been steeling myself to answer at some point, as each day brings news of further ruination and collapse, particularly in Iceland, the least populous and second smallest of the Nordic countries, a volcanically and geologically active island on the Mid-Atlantic Ridge. Many fjords punctuate its extensive coastline, and there are many geysers. Its native beasts include the Icelandic sheep, Icelandic cattle, Icelandic chicken, Icelandic goat and the sturdy Icelandic horse. Polar bears occasionally visit the island, travelling on icebergs from Greenland. Birds, especially sea birds, are a very important part of Iceland‘s animal life. Puffins, skuas, and kittiwakes nest on its sea cliffs. Yet in spite of such interesting features, nothing, it seems, can stop the destruction of Iceland’s banking system.

I managed to persuade my wild-eyed assailant to unhand me, and suggested that we could talk more productively away from the noisome pong of the bins. He agreed, and we decamped to a churchyard rife with sycamore and larch and laburnum, in the shade of which we leaned against a couple of tombstones, each to his own tombstone, and I was about to begin my reply when my waylayer declared that he had a great thirst upon him and that he intended to scamper hotfoot to a nearby grocer’s to obtain refreshments. He would, he said, be back in a jiffy, and off he went.

I was pleased to be given an interval in which to collect my thoughts. I had been ransacking my brain for nuggets, indeed for jewels, to scatter into the plainer mulch of my reply. We can use all sorts of metaphors to help us picture the mind, and I am fond of the one that fancies it as an attic crammed with packing cases and trunks and cardboard boxes. We haul ourselves up a ladder into the attic and pick our way by torchlight among the crates, opening this one and that as we go, and sometimes we find what we are searching for and sometimes we hit upon the unexpected. Blather blather. I have, as you know, an extensive knowledge of Dobson and his works, but in order to answer the question I had been asked I would have to prise open some of the most securely nailed-down packing cases of all, in the furthest corners of my cerebral attic. I had a vague memory that the pamphleteer had had much to say about the German Dax, and if I could recall where he said it and in what context I felt sure it would lead me to remember, with blinding clarity, all sorts of other Dobsonisms regarding not just the Teutonic stock market but other stock markets, and by extension other financial gubbins, no doubt including the banking system, and then I would have a thorough and sparklingly intelligent response to declaim unto my alleyway abductor. Dax, Dax, Dax… I kept repeating the word in my head, hoping to stumble upon the mental cardboard box I sought, but before I did so my waylayer returned, armed with a couple of cartons of Squelcho!, one of which he tossed to me in a casual, loose-limbed fashion, as if we had been friends from childhood. I thanked him.

“Think nothing of it,” he replied, “The cost of a carton of Squelcho! is a small price to pay for what you are about to tell me. As the value of stocks plummets around the world, a man can have no surer guide than Dobson. Given your encyclopaedic knowledge of that titanic pamphleteer, those of us who have only a glancing acquaintance with him can come to you and be given the balm and succour we so desperately need. So you need not thank me for a mere carton of Squelcho! In fact I have a mind to fetch you something to eat as well as to drink. Wait here while I get you some crinkle-cut oven chips in a cardboard cone!”

And off he went again. I redoubled my fuming mental activity, which I am afraid consisted of simply repeating “Dax, Dax, Dax” over and over again. This time I said it aloud, and became aware of a rustling in a clump of graveyard shrubbery. “Dax, Dax, Dax” I babbled, and out of the foliage bounded an enormous hound. I think it was a mastiff. Whatever it was, it sprang at me and sank its gleaming fangs into my cravat. It was going for the flesh of my neck, of course, but I wear densely woven cravats designed by the cravattist Elspeth Banshee, and even the most savage of pooches would have trouble getting its fangs clean through one of her creations. The weight of the dog knocked me over, however, and as I fell I banged my head on the tombstone upon which I was leaning. Before I lost consciousness, I was aware of a dreadlocked scapegrace emerging from the shrubbery in pursuit of the mutt. I remember thinking that the laws of nature demand that lanky stringy-bearded white Rastas keep their dogs on the ends of lengths of string, and that I had thus been felled by an anomaly.

I came to thinking I was covered in blood, but it was just the spillage from my carton of Squelcho! To one side of me stood the indigent with his unleashed hound, to the other my earlier assailant clutching a cardboard cone of crinkle-cut oven chips. I sat up.

“Let me get this straight,” I said. Turning to the bedraggled wretch, I asked him to confirm that his dog was called Dax and that this had occasioned its flying leap at me. He nodded. “And you,” I said, turning to the other, “Have brought me a cardboard cone of oven chips which have yet to see the innards of an oven and thus remain frozen and will doubtless take quite some time to thaw out in the crisp autumn chill of this October morning. Correct?” And he nodded too.

Sometimes I wonder why it is that as I wander this fair city the only people I come into contact with are the feckless and the desperate and the seedy and the sick and the stupid. I rubbed the back of my head where it had taken a tombstone clonk, pulled my Elspeth Banshee cravat into a particularly fetching cravatoisement around my neck, stood up, plopped my drained Squelcho! carton into a municipal waste bin, and strode away out of the churchyard, whistling magnificently, witnessing civilisation crashing around me, and as happy as a pig in a mudbath.

Filth & Muck & Fields Of Green

Several readers have written in to ask if A Rustic Lesson is a genuine old folk song, culled from a collection collected by a collector of old folk songs. Figures such as Cecil Sharp and Percy Grainger and Béla Bartók were fond of traipsing the countryside jotting down the ululations of peasants, and my correspondents wonder if the tale of the duck and the devil and the farmer comes from such a source. Indeed it does. A Rustic Lesson was collected by Prudence Foxglove’s cousin Sagacity Wolfbag, a tireless explorer of rustic byways.

It is exactly one hundred years since Sagacity published her anthology Filth & Muck & Fields Of Green, comprising thousands of pages of songs and ballads, lore and legend, recipes and remedies, proverbs, sayings and old saws, many if not all of them nonsensical. The bulk of the material in the book was gathered in one tiny rustic backwater, a dismal huddle of dilapidated huts in a field near the Blister Lane Bypass. Much of it seems to have been relayed to Sagacity Wolfbag by a single, particularly grubby peasant, who was probably in the throes of ergot-related hysteria, and who died babbling in a ditch shortly after the anthology was published.

Thanks to R. for alerting me to the existence of Sagacity Wolfbag.

Pudding Fenders

Dear Mr. Key, writes Mick Wiggins from across the pond, Just like a recent listener’s account of the Hooting Yard narrative voice taking over the helm whilst sightseeing, I similarly experienced the same while visiting the Maritime Museum in Astoria, Oregon, just this last weekend.  The museum, located at the mouth of the once mighty Columbia River, open to Cape Disappointment and just down the way from Dismal Nitch, was a very good museum, with many arcane and wonderous accounts of the famous “Graveyard of the Pacific”.  Of course it was when I found myself studying a fantastic display of pudding fenders that the Hooting Yard Effect commandeered my own internal voice, and it really was a value-added treat. It is too bad you cannot capitalize on this effect, but perhaps you should look in to it. At any rate, thank you for the many hours of listening pleasure.

I have replied to Mr Wiggins asking him to tell us more about pudding fenders, so watch this space.

A Rustic Lesson

Oh the farmer’s dancing round a pit. He’s trapped Beelzebub in it. Upon a branch a warbling tit sings: We have chained the devil-oh.

The farmer tramples in the muck. His belly’s full of boiled duck. A chicken makes a warning cluck, says: The devil’s loosed his chains-oh.

The sky above is a sudden black. The devil leaps up on the farmer’s back. He puts the farmer in a sack and he jumps back into the pit-oh.

The chicken clucks and the tit still sings. It beats its frozen little wings. Oh rustics, you must learn these things: Don’t try to chain the devil-oh.

Till your fields and hoe your ground. Harrow the earth and don’t look round when you hear that awful sound: The devil’s boiling the farmer-oh.

That duck he ate avenged its fate. It took Baal’s shape and had Baal’s hate. The farmer learned that much too late, and he’ll dance no more round the pit-oh.

Fatal Flaw

Let’s play Spot The Fatal Flaw. On the Today programme on Radio 4 this morning, a United Nations rapporteur or envoy or some such said: “The deal is that the Russians must withdraw to where they were before. The problem is that we don’t know where that is.”

Ringer Sedgeweg, Again

Of all the Tupper cronies, it is Sedgeweg, the Tewkeston ringer, you would want at your side if you were up a creek or in a snowdrift. He was such a reliable man. It was said of him once, rightly I think, that things hinged upon him. Of how many can that be said? Most of us are rarely given the chance to be hinges, and if we are there is the fear that we would not pass muster. That fear can in itself be corrosive, of our hingedness, before we have even set out upon the escapade or brouhaha in which we wish to play the hinge. But Sedgeweg did not know fear. It was alien to him. Once he was pitched, by a mini-madcap, into a pit of scorpions, and was insouciant. You may wonder how a Tewkeston chap could ever find himself in so unlikely a quandary, and wonder you may, until you do your homework. Remember, he was a crony of the Tuppers, by God the best of them! There were others, of course, some ringers but most not, and all have left their tracks, muddy or sleety or oddly magnetic. Sedgeweg’s tracks are – were – something else again. They had a patina of loucheness, even of abandon. They did not sit well with his everyday demeanour, which was forthright and unabandoned. The glint in the eye, the lack of fluff on the collar. When the whole of Tewkeston was on its uppers Sedgeweg did not crumple. And many did. Too many, if the histories are to be believed. Vinder’s soccer coupons were exchanging hands for ludicrous sums, it was that bad. There were no longer any pigs on the pig farms, just bales of hay in fields, bales baled by Tupper at a time when he could still move his limbs. How easy to forget. Have ever so many tubs been thumped to so little purpose? Oh, there were portents. There were simply too many birds in the sky, swooping, cawing, beating their wings more urgently than birds usually do. Only Sedgeweg was prepared to don a polythene suit and descend into the chemical vats. Pregnant women cheered him on from behind a fence. Most of them were praying. You would have, too, no matter what your confession. Trucks pulled up. There was sludge in the piping. And grievous harm? No. Minor sprains, the odd broken wrist, some other injuries, that was all. It was enough.

Removal Of Pigeon Cerebellum

It is imperative that I draw your attention to the latest post on the splendid blog According To The Ninth, “the world as seen through the clarifying lens of the 9th Edition of the Encyclopaedia Britannica (1875-1889)”.  As you can gather from the illustration, the topic is fiendish experiments upon the brains of birds. Well, upon the brains of pigeons, to be specific. You may chuckle, or you may vomit, but you will almost certainly learn something you did not know before.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

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